Inhibition of implant migration

ABSTRACT

An electrostimulator implant comprises (i) an implant body, the implant being injectable into tissue of a subject along a longitudinal axis of the implant body, (ii) first and second electrodes, disposed on respective first and second portions of the implant body; (iii) circuitry, disposed inside the implant body, and configured to drive the electrodes to apply current to the tissue; and (iv) a mesh, disposed over at least 50 percent of the implant body, and configured to serve as an anchor of the implant. Other embodiments are also described.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

Some applications of the present invention relate in general to medical devices. More specifically, some applications of the present invention relate to percutaneous implants.

BACKGROUND

Neurological disorders affect the nerves, muscles or the brain. Many neurological disorders reduce or eliminate voluntary recruitment of muscles, which may result in loss of ability to perform motor tasks or to maintain systems that depend on muscle activity for their function. Many neurological disorders cause pain.

Neurostimulation is a clinical tool used to treat various neurological disorders. This technique involves modulation of the nervous system by electrically activating fibers in the body. Percutaneous implants exist for providing neurostimulation.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Some applications of the invention relate to the inhibition of migration of implants, i.e., undesired movement of implants subsequent to their implantation in tissue of a subject. The implants are typically electrostimulator implants comprising an implant body and at least two electrodes disposed on the implant body.

For some applications, migration of the implant is inhibited by providing a mesh disposed over at least part of the implant body. The mesh comprises a plurality of strands, which may comprise a metal, a polymer, a fiber, or another material. For example, the mesh may be a metallic mesh, a polymer mesh, and/or a fabric. For some applications, the mesh is braided. For some applications, the mesh is disposed over an expanding frame, which itself may be a mesh. For some applications, the frame is provided without the mesh. The mesh and/or the frame serves to inhibit migration of the implant, thereby serving as an anchor.

For some applications, a mesh and/or a frame are provided at an end of the implant, rather than being disposed over the implant body.

For some applications, migration of the implant is inhibited by providing a silicone anchoring material disposed over at least part of the implant body. For some such applications, the silicone anchoring material is shaped to define synthetic setae.

For some applications, migration of the implant is inhibited by providing a flexible tail, coupled to the implant body, and typically defining a plurality of nodules and/or a plurality of notches distributed therealong.

For some applications, a system is provided whereby a delivery tool that delivers the implant also delivers an adhesive to the implantation site.

There is therefore provided, in accordance with an application of the present invention, apparatus, including:

an electrostimulator implant, including:

-   -   an implant body, the implant being injectable into tissue of a         subject along a longitudinal axis of the implant body,     -   first and second electrodes, disposed on respective first and         second portions of the implant body;     -   circuitry, disposed inside the implant body, and configured to         drive the electrodes to apply current to the tissue; and     -   a mesh, disposed over at least 50 percent of the implant body,         and configured to serve as an anchor of the implant.

In an application, the mesh includes a tissue-growth scaffold.

In an application, the mesh is disposed over a third portion of the implant body, the third portion being longitudinally between the first and second portions.

In an application, the mesh is disposed over at least 70 percent of the outer surface of the implant.

In an application, the mesh is disposed over less than 90 percent of the outer surface of the implant.

In an application, the mesh includes polyethylene terephthalate.

In an application, the mesh includes a graft material.

In an application, the mesh includes braided strands.

In an application, the mesh is metallic.

In an application, the mesh includes a polymer.

In an application, the mesh is a fabric.

In an application, the mesh has shape memory.

In an application, the mesh inhibits movement of the implant within the tissue by (i) initially providing mechanical anchoring, and (ii) promoting tissue growth thereupon.

In an application, the mesh includes a plurality of strand segments that each helically curve at least partway around the implant body and the longitudinal axis.

In an application, the strand segments overlap each other.

In an application, each strand segment has a first end fixedly attached to a first site of the implant body, and a second end fixedly attached to a second site of the implant body.

In an application, the implant further includes a fabric disposed over the plurality of strand segments.

In an application, the mesh has (i) a delivery state in which the mesh defines a first maximum transverse diameter, and (ii) an implanted state in which the mesh defines a second maximum transverse diameter that is greater than the first transverse diameter.

In an application, the mesh has shape memory, and is biased to assume the implanted state.

In an application, the implant body has a body diameter transverse to the longitudinal axis, and the first maximum transverse diameter is 0.2-0.6 mm greater than the body diameter.

In an application, the implant body has a body diameter transverse to the longitudinal axis, and the second maximum transverse diameter is 0.2-2 mm greater than the body diameter.

In an application, the second maximum transverse diameter is 0.5-2 mm greater than the body diameter.

In an application, the second maximum transverse diameter is 0.2-2 mm greater than the first maximum transverse diameter.

In an application, the second maximum transverse diameter is 0.5-2 mm greater than the first maximum transverse diameter.

In an application, the apparatus further includes a percutaneously-advanceable delivery tool via which the implant is injectable.

In an application, the tool is configured to apply a force to the mesh, the force driving the mesh toward the implanted state.

In an application, while the implant is disposed within the tool, the tool retains the mesh in the delivery state, and when the implant is deployed from the tool, the mesh automatically moves toward the implanted state.

In an application, the mesh has (i) a first end that remains attached to a first site of the implant body while the mesh moves toward the implanted state, and (ii) a second end that remains attached to a second site of the implant body while the mesh moves toward the implanted state.

In an application, the first site and the second site are disposed longitudinally between the first electrode and the second electrode.

There is further provided, in accordance with an application of the present invention, apparatus, including:

an electrostimulator implant, including:

-   -   an implant body, the implant being injectable into tissue of a         subject along a longitudinal axis of the implant body,     -   first and second electrodes, disposed at respective first and         second portions of the implant;     -   circuitry, disposed inside the implant body, and configured to         drive the electrodes to apply current to the tissue; and     -   an anchor that includes a plurality of wire segments that each         helically curve at least partway around the implant body and the         longitudinal axis.

In an application, the wire segments are segments of a single braided wire.

In an application, the wire segments include a metal.

In an application, the wire segments include a polymer.

In an application, the anchor further includes a fabric disposed over the plurality of wire segments.

In an application, the plurality of wire segments are disposed longitudinally between the first electrode and the second electrode.

In an application, the wire segments overlap each other.

In an application, each wire segment has a first end fixedly attached to a first site of the implant body, and a second end fixedly attached to a second site of the implant body.

In an application, the plurality of wire segments collectively define a mesh that extends over at least 50 percent of an outer surface of the implant body.

In an application, the anchor has (i) a delivery state in which the wire segments define a first maximum transverse diameter, and (ii) an implanted state in which the wire segments define a second maximum transverse diameter that is greater than the first transverse diameter.

In an application, the implant body has a body diameter transverse to the longitudinal axis, and the first maximum transverse diameter is 0.2-0.6 mm greater than the body diameter.

In an application, the implant body has a body diameter transverse to the longitudinal axis, and the second maximum transverse diameter is 0.2-2 mm greater than the body diameter.

In an application, the second maximum transverse diameter is 0.5-2 mm greater than the body diameter.

In an application, the second maximum transverse diameter is 0.2-2 mm greater than the first maximum transverse diameter.

In an application, the second maximum transverse diameter is 0.5-2 mm greater than the first maximum transverse diameter.

In an application, the apparatus further includes a percutaneously-advanceable delivery tool via which the implant is injectable.

In an application, the tool is configured to apply a force to the anchor, the force driving the anchor toward the implanted state.

In an application, while the implant is disposed within the tool, the tool retains the anchor in the delivery state, and when the implant is deployed from the tool, the anchor automatically moves toward the implanted state.

In an application, each wire segment has (i) a first end that remains attached to a first site of the implant body while the anchor moves toward the implanted state, and (ii) a second end that remains attached to a second site of the implant body while the anchor moves toward the implanted state.

In an application, the first site and the second site are disposed longitudinally between the first electrode and the second electrode.

In an application:

the plurality of wire segments collectively define a mesh that, in the delivery state, has a tubular shape, the tubular shape having a first end and a second end, and

the anchor is configured such that when the anchor moves toward the implanted state, the anchor becomes shorter and wider and the second end moves toward the first end.

In an application, the apparatus is configured such that, as the second end moves toward the first end, the second end slides over at least part of the implant body.

There is further provided, in accordance with an application of the present invention, apparatus, including an implant injectable into tissue of a subject, and including:

first and second electrodes, which define respective first and second portions of an external surface of the implant;

circuitry, configured to drive the electrodes to apply current to the tissue; and

a silicone anchoring material that defines a third portion of the external surface, the third portion having a surface area that is at least 50 percent of a total surface area of the external surface.

In an application, the silicone anchoring material is shaped to define synthetic setae.

In an application, each of the setae is shaped to define a microscopic suction cup.

In an application, the third portion is disposed between the first and second portions of the implant.

In an application, the surface area of the third portion is at least 70 percent of the total surface area of the external surface.

In an application, the surface area of the third portion is less than 90 percent of the total surface area of the external surface.

In an application, the silicone anchoring material includes a silicone resin.

In an application, the silicone anchoring material includes a silicone rubber.

In an application, the third portion of the external surface is rough.

In an application, the implant includes 2-8 electrodes.

There is further provided, in accordance with an application of the present invention, apparatus, including an implant injectable into tissue of a subject, and including:

first and second electrodes, which define respective first and second portions of an external surface of the implant;

circuitry, configured to drive the electrodes to apply current to the tissue; and

a graft material, the material defining a third portion of the external surface, the third portion having a surface area that is at least 50 percent of a total surface area of the external surface.

In an application, the third portion is disposed between the first and second portions of the implant.

In an application, the surface area of the third portion is at least 70 percent of the total surface area of the external surface.

In an application, the surface area of the third portion is less than 90 percent of the total surface area of the external surface.

In an application, the graft material is a fabric.

In an application, the graft material includes polyethylene terephthalate.

There is further provided, in accordance with an application of the present invention, apparatus, including:

an implant, including:

-   -   an implant body, the implant being injectable into tissue of a         subject along a longitudinal axis of the implant body;     -   first and second electrodes, which define respective first and         second portions of an external surface of the implant;     -   circuitry, disposed inside the implant body, and configured to         drive the electrodes to apply current to the tissue; and     -   an anchor that includes:         -   a cuff that circumscribes the implant body and is slidable             over the implant body between a first site and a second site             of the implant body, and         -   a plurality of articulating members having (i) a first arm             attached to the cuff, and (ii) a second arm, the first arm             articulatably coupled to the second arm at a joint such             that, (i) when the cuff is at the first site, the joint is             disposed at a first lateral distance from the implant body,             and (ii) when the cuff is at the second site, the joint is             disposed at a second lateral distance from the implant body.

In an application, the implant is an electrostimulator implant including a first electrode and a second electrode, and both the first site and the second site are between the first electrode and the second electrode.

There is further provided, in accordance with an application of the present invention, apparatus, including:

an implant, injectable into a subject along a longitudinal axis of the implant, and including:

-   -   an implant body;     -   circuitry disposed inside the implant body;     -   at least one electrode disposed on an external surface of the         implant body, the circuitry being configured to drive the at         least one electrode to apply current; and     -   a flexible tail, extending along the longitudinal axis away from         the implant body, and having a plurality of nodules distributed         along the tail.

In an application, the tail includes silicone.

In an application, each of the nodules has a nodule diameter transverse, to the longitudinal axis, that is fixed.

In an application, the implant body has a body diameter transverse to the longitudinal axis, and each of the nodules has a nodule diameter transverse to the longitudinal axis, the nodule diameter being no greater than the body diameter.

There is further provided, in accordance with an application of the present invention, apparatus, including:

an implant, including:

-   -   an implant body;     -   first and second electrodes, which define respective first and         second portions of an external surface of the implant;     -   circuitry, disposed inside the implant body, and configured to         drive the electrodes to apply current;

an adhesive; and

a delivery tool:

-   -   configured to house the implant and to be percutaneously         advanced into a subject,     -   having a deployment mechanism configured to inject the implant         into a tissue site of the subject by deploying the implant,         along a longitudinal axis of the implant body, out of a distal         opening of the tool, and     -   having an outlet, and including an adhesive-dispensing mechanism         configured to dispense the adhesive out of the outlet.

In an application, the adhesive is transglutaminase.

In an application, the deployment mechanism and the adhesive-dispensing mechanism are functionally linked such that the adhesive-dispensing mechanism dispenses the adhesive out of the outlet as the implant-injection mechanism deploys the implant out of the distal opening.

There is further provided, in accordance with an application of the present invention, apparatus, including:

a delivery tube; and

an implant, having a longitudinal axis, percutaneously injectable along the longitudinal axis and out of the delivery tube, and including:

-   -   an elongate body;     -   first and second electrodes disposed on an external surface of         the elongate body;     -   circuitry, configured to drive the electrodes to apply current;         and     -   an anchor:         -   coupled to a portion of the elongate body,         -   having a compressed state in which the implant fits within             the delivery tube,         -   having an expanded state in which a part of the anchor is a             widest region of the anchor, and protrudes laterally outward             from the elongate body further than in the compressed state,             and         -   configured such that during expansion of the anchor from the             compressed state to the expanded state, the part of the             anchor moves less than 1 mm along the longitudinal axis.

In an application, the anchor is configured such that during expansion of the anchor from the compressed state to the expanded state, the part of the anchor does not move along the longitudinal axis.

The present invention will be more fully understood from the following detailed description of applications thereof, taken together with the drawings, in which:

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1A-1B are schematic illustrations of an implant comprising a mesh disposed over the body of the implant, in accordance with some applications of the invention;

FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of an implant comprising a mesh disposed over the body of the implant, in accordance with some applications of the invention;

FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of an implant comprising a fabric disposed over a mesh, in accordance with some applications of the invention;

FIGS. 4A-B are schematic illustrations of an implant comprising an expanding frame disposed over the body of the implant, in accordance with some applications of the invention;

FIG. 5 is a schematic illustration of an implant comprising a fabric disposed over a frame, in accordance with some applications of the invention;

FIGS. 6A-C are schematic illustrations of an implant comprising an anchor that comprises a mesh in accordance with some applications of the invention;

FIGS. 7A-B are schematic illustrations of an implant comprising an anchor that comprises an expandable frame covered in a fabric, in accordance with some applications of the invention;

FIG. 8 is a schematic illustration of an implant comprising a silicone anchoring material, in accordance with some applications of the invention;

FIGS. 9A-B are schematic illustrations of an implant comprising a flexible tail, in accordance with some applications of the invention; and

FIGS. 10A-C are schematic illustrations of a system comprising an implant, a delivery tool, and an adhesive, in accordance with some applications of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

Applications of the invention relate to the inhibition of migration of implants, i.e., undesired movement of implants subsequent to their implantation in tissue of a subject. Unless stated otherwise, each of the implants described herein (i) is an electrostimulator implant comprising an implant body 22, at least two electrodes 24 (e.g., a first electrode 24 a and a second electrode 24 b), and circuitry 26 disposed inside the implant body, and configured to drive the electrodes to apply current to the tissue in which the implant is implanted, and (ii) is typically injectable into the tissue along a longitudinal axis ax1 of the implant body. The implants may comprise two or more electrodes (e.g., 2-8 electrodes).

Reference is now made to FIGS. 1A-1B, which are schematic illustrations of an implant 40, comprising a mesh 42, disposed over implant body 22 of implant 40, in accordance with some applications of the invention. FIG. 1A shows implant 40 being implanted in tissue 10 using an implantation tool 30, and FIG. 16 shows the tool being withdrawn from the tissue after deployment of the implant. Mesh 42 is configured to serve as an anchor for implant 40 (i.e., to inhibit post-implantation migration of the implant). Mesh 42 is typically disposed over at least 50 percent (e.g., at least 70 percent) of implant body 22. For some applications, mesh 42 is disposed over less than 90 percent of implant body 22. Mesh 42 is disposed over a portion of implant body 22 that is longitudinally between the portions of the implant body on which electrodes 24 a and 24 b are disposed.

Mesh 42 comprises one or more strands 44. Typically, strands 44 are wires. For some applications, and as shown, each strand 44 curves at least partway around implant body 22 and axis ax1. For such applications, whether mesh 42 comprises a single strand 44 (e.g., a single braided wire) or a plurality of strands 44, a plurality of strand segments (e.g., wire segments) 46 each helically curve at least partway around implant body 22 and axis ax1. For some applications, and as shown, strand segments 46 overlap each other. For example, mesh 42 may comprise a braid of strand(s) 44.

For some applications, mesh 42 is metallic (i.e., strands 44 are metallic). For some applications, mesh 42 comprises a polymer (i.e., strands 44 comprise a polymer).

Typically, mesh 42 has (i) a delivery state (FIG. 1A) in which the mesh defines a first maximum transverse diameter (i.e., a diameter of the mesh at its widest point) d1, and (ii) an implanted state (FIG. 1B) in which the mesh defines a second maximum transverse diameter d2 that is greater than the first transverse diameter.

For some applications, a percutaneously-advanceable delivery tool 30 is provided, via which implant 40 is injectable. For example, tool 30 may comprise a tubular member (e.g., a needle) 32 and a deployment mechanism 34 that applies a force to implant 40 that causes the implant to become exposed from the tubular member. For some applications, mesh 42 (e.g., strands 44 thereof) has shape memory, and is biased to assume its implanted state, e.g., such that (i) tool 30 retains the mesh in its delivery state while implant 40 is disposed within the tool, and (ii) the mesh automatically assumes its implanted state upon deployment from the tool. Alternatively, tool 30 may be configured to apply a force to the mesh, which drives the mesh toward its implanted state.

For some applications, and as shown, (i) a first end 48 a of mesh 42 is attached to a first site of implant body 22, and remains attached to that first site while the mesh moves toward its implanted state, and (ii) a second end 48 a of mesh 42 is attached to a second site of implant body 22, and remains attached to that second site while the mesh moves toward its implanted state. That is, the first and second ends of mesh 42 are fixedly attached to respective sites of implant body 22, and do not move during expansion of the mesh. These sites of the implant body are typically longitudinally between electrodes 24 a and 24 b.

Implant body 22 has a body diameter d3 transverse to axis ax1. Diameter d3 is typically constant along the length of implant body 22. Alternatively, diameter d3 may represent a diameter of implant body 22 at a portion of the implant body over which mesh 42 is disposed. For some applications, diameter d1 is 0.1-0.6 mm greater than diameter d3. For some applications, diameter d2 is 0.2-2 mm (e.g., 0.5-2 mm) greater than diameter d3. For some applications, diameter d2 is 0.2-2 mm (e.g., 0.5-2 mm) greater than diameter d1.

For some applications, mesh 42 inhibits movement of implant 40 within the tissue by providing mechanical anchoring (e.g., by increasing friction between the implant and the tissue), e.g., due to the mesh providing a relatively rough surface and/or due to the radial expansion of the mesh. For some applications, mesh 42 comprises and/or serves as a tissue-growth scaffold, promoting tissue growth, and thereby inhibiting migration of the implant. For some applications, mesh 42 initially provides mechanical anchoring (e.g., only mechanical anchoring), and promotes tissue growth (e.g., fibrosis), so that over a subsequent duration (e.g., more than 1 day and/or less than 2 months, such as 1 day-2 months) tissue growth further inhibits migration of the implant.

For some applications, mesh 42, in its implanted state, separates tissue 10 (i.e., solid tissue) from implant body 22, thereby forming a pocket 50 into which blood (or component thereof) may enter, and within which tissue growth may occur, thereby further securing the implant within the tissue.

Reference is made to FIG. 2, which is a schematic illustration of an implant 60, comprising a mesh 62, disposed over implant body 22 of implant 60, in accordance with some applications of the invention. Mesh 62 is typically a fabric, such as a graft material (e.g., such as that used in stent grafts). For example, mesh 62 may comprise a polyethylene terephthalate fabric.

Typically, mesh 62 covers at least 50 percent (e.g., at least 70 percent) and/or less than 90 percent of valve body 22 of implant 60. That is, electrodes 24 a and 24 b define respective first and second portions of an external surface of implant 60, and mesh 62 defines a third portion of the external surface of the implant, the third portion having a surface area that is at least 50 percent (e.g., at least 70 percent) and/or less than 90 percent of the total surface area of the external surface.

For some applications, mesh 62 inhibits movement of implant 60 within the tissue by providing mechanical anchoring (e.g., by increasing friction between the implant and the tissue), e.g., due to the mesh providing a relatively rough surface. For some applications, mesh 62 comprises and/or serves as a tissue-growth scaffold, promoting tissue growth, and thereby inhibiting migration of the implant. For some applications, mesh 62 initially provides mechanical anchoring (e.g., only mechanical anchoring), and promotes tissue growth (e.g., fibrosis), so that over a subsequent duration (e.g., more than 1 day and/or less than 2 months, such as 1 day-2 months) tissue growth further inhibits migration of the implant.

Reference is now made to FIG. 3, which is a schematic illustration of an implant 80, comprising implant 40 with a fabric 82 disposed over mesh 42, in accordance with some applications of the invention. As shown, for some applications mesh 42 is covered in fabric 82 (i.e., a fabric is disposed over segments 46 of strands 44). Fabric 82 is typically at least partly blood-permeable, and may comprise a natural fiber, or a synthetic fiber such as polyethylene terephthalate. For some applications, fabric 82 may be considered to be a mesh disposed over mesh 42. For some applications, the presence of fabric 82 insulates pocket 50 and/or promotes tissue growth therein.

Reference is again made to FIGS. 1A-B and 3. The part of mesh 42 that is the widest part of the mesh when the mesh is in its expanded state typically moves less than 1 mm along axis ax1 during expansion of the mesh from its compressed delivery state to its expanded implanted state. For some applications, that part of mesh doesn't move along axis ax1 at all. That is, for some applications, the anchor defined by mesh 42 expands radially without expanding or moving longitudinally.

Reference is made to FIGS. 4A-B, which are schematic illustrations of an implant 100, comprising an expanding frame 102 disposed over implant body 22, in accordance with some applications of the invention. Frame 102 comprises a plurality of articulating members 104, each having a first arm 106 a and a second arm 106 b, the arms articulatably coupled to each other at a joint 108. As shown in FIG. 4A, frame 102 has a delivery state (e.g., a contracted state) in which joint 108 is disposed at a first lateral distance d4 from implant body 22 (and may be in contact with the implant body). As shown in FIG. 4B, frame 102 also has an implanted state (e.g., an expanded state) in which joint 108 is disposed at a second lateral distance d5 from implant body 22. Distance d5 is greater than distance d4.

Typically, frame 102 comprises at least one cuff 110 attached to arm 106 a of each articulating member, and slidable over implant body 22 between a first site (as shown in FIG. 4A) and a second site (as shown in FIG. 4B) of the implant body. When cuff 110 is at the first site, joint 108 is disposed at distance d4 from implant body 22, and when cuff 110 is at the second site, the joint is disposed at distance d5 from the implant body. Typically, the second site is between electrode 24 a and electrode 24 b. For some applications, and as shown, the first site is at an electrode 24 (e.g., such that when frame 102 is in the delivery state, cuff 110 covers an electrode 24). For some applications, both the first site and the second site are between electrode 24 a and electrode 24 b.

Typically, frame 102 defines at least one expanding portion 112 (FIGS. 4A-B show frame 102 defining two expanding portions 112), each expanding portion comprising a plurality of articulating members 104 (i) aligned parallel with the longitudinal axis of implant body 22, (i) disposed circumferentially around the axis, and (iii) attached to a cuff 110, such that movement of the cuff from the first site toward the second site causes articulation of all the articulating members 104 of the expanding portion 112. For some applications, arm 106 b of each articulating member 104 is attached to another cuff 114, which may or may not also be slidable over implant body 22.

For some applications, frame 102 inhibits movement of implant 100 within tissue 10 by providing mechanical anchoring (e.g., by increasing friction between the implant and the tissue), e.g., due to the radial expansion of the frame. For some applications, frame 102 comprises and/or serves as a tissue-growth scaffold, promoting tissue growth, and thereby inhibiting migration of the implant. For some applications, frame 102 initially provides mechanical anchoring (e.g., only mechanical anchoring), and promotes tissue growth (e.g., fibrosis), so that over a subsequent duration (e.g., more than 1 day and/or less than 2 months, such as 1 day-2 months) tissue growth further inhibits migration of the implant.

For some applications, frame 102, in its implanted state, separates tissue 10 (i.e., solid tissue) from implant body 22, thereby forming a pocket 118 into which blood (or component thereof) may enter, and within which tissue growth may occur, thereby further securing the implant within the tissue.

Reference is now made to FIG. 5, which is a schematic illustration of an implant 120, comprising implant 100 with a fabric 122 disposed over frame 102, in accordance with some applications of the invention. As shown, for some applications frame 102 is covered in fabric 122 (i.e., a fabric is disposed over at least articulating members 104 of expanding portions 112). Fabric 122 is typically at least partly blood-permeable, and may comprise a natural fiber, or a synthetic fiber such as polyethylene terephthalate. For some applications, fabric 122 may be considered to be a mesh disposed over frame 102. For some applications, fabric 122 is disposed over at least 50 percent (e.g., at least 70 percent) and/or less than 90 percent of valve body 22. For some applications, the presence of fabric 122 insulates pocket 118 and/or promotes tissue growth therein.

Reference is made to FIGS. 6A-C, which are schematic illustrations of an implant 140, comprising an anchor 142 that comprises a mesh 144, in accordance with some applications of the invention. Typically, mesh 144 is a braid of strands (e.g., wires), e.g., as described hereinabove, mutatis mutandis. For some applications, mesh 144 is metallic (i.e., its strands are metallic). For some applications, mesh 144 comprises a polymer (i.e., its strands comprise a polymer).

Segments of the strands overlap each other, and each strand (or a segment thereof) may helically curve at least partway around longitudinal axis ax1 of implant body 22. Unlike mesh 42 of implant 40, mesh 144 of implant 140 is disposed at and end of the implant, typically such that electrode 24 a and electrode 24 b are both disposed on the same side of anchor 142 (e.g., distally to the anchor). As for other implants described herein, implant 140 is delivered percutaneously using an implantation tool 150, which typically comprises tubular member 32 and a deployment mechanism 154. For some applications deployment mechanism 154 is similar to other deployment mechanisms described herein. Deployment mechanism 154 is reversibly coupled to implant 140 (e.g., to a proximal end of implant body 22 of implant 140).

As shown in FIG. 6A, in a delivery state of the apparatus, implant 140 is disposed within tubular member 32, and mesh 144 is tubular, and extends proximally from implant body 22, over at least a distal portion of deployment mechanism 154 (e.g., mesh 144 covers the site of coupling 152 between mechanism 154 and implant body 22). Tubular member 32 restrains mesh 144 in this shape. When implant 140 is deployed (e.g., by retracting tubular member 32 proximally while holding the implant still by applying a reference force via deployment mechanism 154), mesh 144 expands (e.g., automatically), becoming wider and shorter (e.g., forming anchor 142), and typically exposing the site of coupling between mechanism 154 and implant body (FIG. 6B). For some applications, implant 140 comprises a coupling 156 at one end of implant body 22, and mechanism 154 may comprise a complimentary coupling 158 that mates with coupling 156. For some applications, until mesh 144 exposes at least one of couplings 158 and 156, mesh 144 inhibits decoupling of coupling 158 from coupling 156.

Reference is made to FIGS. 7A-B, which are schematic illustrations of an implant 160, comprising an anchor 162 that comprises an expandable frame 164 covered in a fabric 166, in accordance with some applications of the invention. FIG. 7A shows implant 160 in isolation, and FIG. 7B shows the implant having been implanted in tissue 10, with anchor 162 in an implanted state (i.e., an expanded state). In contrast to other embodiments described herein, anchor 162 is disposed at an end of implant body 22, rather than being disposed over the implant body. However, in common with other embodiments described herein: (i) Fabric 166 is typically at least partly blood-permeable, and may comprise a natural fiber, or a synthetic fiber such as polyethylene terephthalate. (ii) For some applications, fabric 166 may be considered to be a mesh disposed over frame 164. (iii) For some applications, fabric 166 defines a pocket 168 into which blood (or component thereof) may enter, and within which tissue growth may occur, thereby further securing implant 160 within the tissue.

For some applications, anchor 162 comprises anchor 142 covered in fabric 166. For such applications, frame 164 comprises mesh 144.

Reference is made to FIG. 8, which is a schematic illustration of an implant 180 comprising a silicone anchoring material 182, in accordance with some applications of the invention. Typically, material 182 covers at least 50 percent (e.g., at least 70 percent) and/or less than 90 percent of valve body 22 of implant 180. That is, electrodes 24 a and 24 b define respective first and second portions of an external surface of implant 180, and material 182 defines a third portion of the external surface of the implant, the third portion having a surface area that is at least 50 percent (e.g., at least 70 percent) and/or less than 90 percent of the total surface area of the external surface. Silicone material 182 may comprise a silicone resin. Silicone material 182 may comprise a silicone rubber.

For some applications, silicone anchoring material 182 inhibits migration of implant 180 by increasing friction between the implant and tissue 10, e.g., due to the native characteristics (e.g., roughness) of the silicone material.

For some application, and as shown, silicone anchoring material 182 is shaped to define synthetic setae 184, e.g., generally resembling those of a gecko's feet. Setae 184 are typically 0.1-1 mm long. Setae 184 are typically 0.1-1 mm wide. Typically, silicone anchoring material 182 defines 1-100 (e.g., 10-100) setae per mm̂2.

For some applications, each seta 184 is shaped to define a microscopic suction cup 186, e.g., at a distal end of the seta.

For some applications, silicone anchoring material 182 comprises and/or serves as a tissue-growth scaffold, promoting tissue growth, and thereby inhibiting migration of the implant. For some applications, silicone anchoring material 182 initially provides mechanical anchoring (e.g., only mechanical anchoring), and promotes tissue growth (e.g., fibrosis), so that over a subsequent duration (e.g., more than 1 day and/or less than 2 months, such as 1 day-2 months) tissue growth further inhibits migration of the implant.

Reference is made to FIGS. 9A-B, which are schematic illustrations of an implant 200 comprising a flexible tail 202, in accordance with some applications of the invention. Tail 202 is coupled to implant body 22, and serves as an anchor for implant 200. Tail 202 (or at least part thereof) extends along axis ax1 away from implant body 22. It is to be noted that this description is intended to represent the general longitudinal appearance of implant 200, including body 22 and tail 202, and includes embodiments in which tail 22 curves away from axis ax1, either in the absence of forces thereon, or in the presence of such forces, e.g., during and/or after implantation. For some applications, tail 202 comprises silicone (in part, or entirely). For some applications, the silicone of tail 202 is shaped to define synthetic setae, e.g., as described with reference to FIG. 8, mutatis mutandis.

Tail 202 has a plurality of nodules 204 distributed therealong. So as to limit the maximum diameter of implant 200, each nodule typically has a diameter transverse to axis ax1 that is no greater than diameter d3 of implant body 22. Therefore tail 202 may alternatively or additionally be described as (i) having a diameter that is equal or less than diameter d3 of implant body 22, and (ii) defining a plurality of notches 206 distributed therealong, nodules 204 being defined as portions of tail 202 that are between notches 206.

Tail 202, and nodules 204 are typically not expandable. That is, unlike expanding anchors, such as barbs, nodules 204 typically have a fixed diameter d6 both during and after implantation.

For some applications, tail 202 inhibits migration of implant 180 by increasing friction between the implant and tissue 10. For some applications, tail 202 comprises and/or serves as a tissue-growth scaffold, promoting tissue growth, and thereby inhibiting migration of the implant. For some applications, tail 202 initially provides mechanical anchoring (e.g., only mechanical anchoring), and promotes tissue growth (e.g., fibrosis), so that over a subsequent duration (e.g., more than 1 day and/or less than 2 months, such as 1 day-2 months) tissue growth further inhibits migration of the implant.

Reference is made to FIGS. 10A-C, which are schematic illustrations of a system 221 comprising an implant 220, a delivery tool 230, and an adhesive 240, in accordance with some applications of the invention. Delivery tool 230 is similar to delivery tool 30, described hereinabove, and comprises a tubular member (e.g., a needle) 232 and deployment mechanism 34. Delivery tool 230 is configured to house implant 220, and to be percutaneously advanced into the subject.

Delivery tool 230 has one or more outlets 238, and an adhesive-dispensing mechanism 242 that is configured to dispense adhesive 240 out of the outlets. For example, tubular member 232 may be shaped to define one or more secondary lumens 236 that end at outlets 238, and mechanism 242 forces adhesive 240 (e.g., from a reservoir 246) through lumens 236.

For some applications, adhesive-dispensing mechanism 242 is functionally linked to implant-injection mechanism 244, such that adhesive-dispensing mechanism 242 dispenses adhesive 240 out of outlets 238 as implant-injection mechanism 244 deploys implant 220 out of distal opening 231. For example, operation of a single controller (e.g., a trigger) 248 may simultaneously dispense adhesive 240 out of outlets 238 and deploy implant 220 out of the distal opening.

It is to be noted that adhesive 240 may or may not comprise a substance that is conventionally regarded as an adhesive. For example, adhesive 240 may comprise a surgical adhesive and/or a bioadhesive. Alternatively or additionally, adhesive 240 may comprise a substance that triggers chemical changes that cause adherence of implant 220 to tissue 10. For example, adhesive 240 may comprise an enzyme, such as transglutaminase.

It will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited to what has been particularly shown and described hereinabove. Rather, the scope of the present invention includes both combinations and subcombinations of the various features described hereinabove, as well as variations and modifications thereof that are not in the prior art, which would occur to persons skilled in the art upon reading the foregoing description. 

1. Apparatus, comprising: an electrostimulator implant; and a percutaneously-advanceable delivery tool via which the implant is injectable, wherein: the electrostimulator implant comprises: an implant body, the implant being injectable into tissue of a subject along a longitudinal axis of the implant body, first and second electrodes, disposed on respective first and second portions of the implant body; circuitry, disposed inside the implant body, and configured to drive the electrodes to apply current to the tissue; and a mesh: disposed over at least 50 percent of the implant body, configured to serve as an anchor of the implant having a delivery state in which the mesh defines a first maximum transverse diameter, and having an implanted state in which the mesh defines a second maximum transverse diameter that is greater than the first transverse diameter, while the implant is disposed within the tool, the tool retains the mesh in the delivery state, and when the implant is deployed from the tool, the mesh automatically moves toward the implanted state, and the mesh has (i) a first end that remains attached to a first site of the implant body while the mesh moves toward the implanted state, and (ii) a second end that remains attached to a second site of the implant body while the mesh moves toward the implanted state, the first site and the second site being disposed longitudinally between the first electrode and the second electrode.
 2. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the mesh comprises a tissue-growth scaffold.
 3. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the mesh is disposed over a third portion of the implant body, the third portion being longitudinally between the first and second portions.
 4. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the mesh is disposed over at least 70 percent of the outer surface of the implant.
 5. (canceled)
 6. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the mesh comprises polyethylene terephthalate.
 7. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the mesh comprises a graft material.
 8. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the mesh comprises braided strands.
 9. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the mesh is metallic.
 10. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the mesh comprises a polymer.
 11. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the mesh is a fabric.
 12. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the mesh has shape memory.
 13. (canceled)
 14. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the mesh comprises a plurality of strand segments that each helically curve at least partway around the implant body and the longitudinal axis.
 15. The apparatus according to claim 14, wherein the strand segments overlap each other.
 16. The apparatus according to claim 14, wherein each strand segment has a first end fixedly attached to a first site of the implant body, and a second end fixedly attached to a second site of the implant body.
 17. The apparatus according to claim 14, wherein the implant further comprises a fabric disposed over the plurality of strand segments. 18-78. (canceled) 